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With the recent banning of the most effective nematicides, control strategies will increasingly be based on the deployment of resistant cultivars. However, two major limits hamper their use: (1) the resistance is often specific of a species or even a group of populations in this species, (2) populations can adapt to the selective pressure imposed by the resistance and then overcome the resistance. Globodera tabacum is a cyst nematode species complex composed of three subspecies G. tabacum tabacum (Gtt), G. tabacum solanacearum (Gts), G. tabacum virginiae (Gtv). The objectives of this study were to assess the resistance efficiencies and mechanisms of different wild resistant species and genotypes of Nicotianae towards the diversity of tobacco cyst nematodes, and to determine the evolution potential of G. tabacum populations. The results showed high resistant efficiencies for the three wild sources tested, including N. repanda which showed the broadest spectrum of efficiency. Resistance mechanisms were shown to involve both a pre-penetration effect with a reduced hatching, and a post-penetration effect with a development of the nematodes stopped or delayed early during the interaction. Inheritance of the resistances characteristics appeared  contrasted in the five tobacco genotypes or cultivars tested, with a low or even loss of efficiency towards the Gtt subspecies. The identification and study of the sequence polymorphism of five cyst nematode effectors have revealed the existence of a new CLE (Clavata ESR) like gene in nematodes and a higher variability of the effectors sequences in the Gtt subspecies compared to Gtv and Gts. More, this work has allowed the development of a CAPS marker for a quick and reliable identification of the Gtt subspecies  which appears to be the sole  subspecies  introduced in France. Ten microsatellites markers were used to analyze the patterns of genetic structure of these French populations. They reveal low allelic diversity and limited gene flows. In the light of these results, a sustainable management of the French G. tabacum populations through resistant tobacco cultivars should be achieved using a same resistance source in all the country. Among the resistance sources used for tobacco breeding programs at the Institut du Tabac de Bergerac, N. repanda appears as one of the most efficient and durable.